There has been exponential growth in international research studies focusing on Sedentary Behaviour (SB)
since 2008. Whilst still emerging, the research now provides compelling evidence that there is
a multitude of serious health risks connected to "prolonged" and "excessive" sitting.
The index below details research listed both in the
Expert Statement(YELLOW) and supplementary research studies
(GREEN).
Buckley JP, Mellor DD, Morris M, et al. Standing-based office work shows encouraging signs of
attenuating post-prandial glycaemic excursion. Occupational and environmental medicine
2014;71(2):109-11.
Smith L, Thomas EL, Bell JD, et al. The association between objectively measured sitting
and standing with body composition: a pilot study using MRI. BMJ open 2014;4(6):e005476.
Henson J, Edwardson CL, Morgan B, et al. Associations of Sedentary Time with Fat Distribution
in a High-Risk Population. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2014.
Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, Sethi P, et al. Alternating bouts of sitting and standing
attenuate postprandial glucose responses. Medicine and science in sports and exercise
2014;46(11):2053-61.
Dunstan DW, Kingwell BA, Larsen R, et al. Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial
glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes care 2012;35(5):976-83.
Bailey DP, Locke CD. Breaking up prolonged sitting with light-intensity walking improves
postprandial glycemia, but breaking up sitting with standing does not.
Journal of science and medicine in sport / Sports Medicine Australia 2014.
Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, Owen N, et al. Breaking up workplace sitting time
with intermittent standing bouts improves fatigue and musculoskeletal
discomfort in overweight/obese office workers. Occupational and
environmental medicine 2014;71(11):765-71.
Henson J, Yates T, Biddle SJ, et al. Associations of objectively measured sedentary
behaviour and physical activity with markers of cardiometabolic health.
Diabetologia 2013;56(5):1012-20.
Church TS, Thomas DM, Tudor-Locke C, et al. Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related
physical activity and their associations with obesity. PloS one 2011;6(5):e19657.
Proper KI, Singh AS, van Mechelen W, et al. Sedentary behaviors and health
outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies.
American journal of preventive medicine 2011;40(2):174-82.
Healy GN, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW, et al. Sedentary time and cardio-metabolic
biomarkers in US adults: NHANES 2003-06. European heart journal 2011;32(5):590-7.
Schmid D, Leitzmann MF. Television viewing and time spent sedentary in
relation to cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Journal of the National Cancer
Institute 2014;106(7).
Wilmot EG, Edwardson CL, Achana FA, et al. Sedentary time in adults and
the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic
review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012;55(11):2895-905.
Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. Sedentary time and its association
with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine 2015;162(2):123-32.
Grontved A, Hu FB. Television viewing and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Jama 2011;305(23):2448-55.
Chau JY, Grunseit A, Midthjell K, et al. Sedentary behaviour and risk of
mortality from all-causes and cardiometabolic diseases in adults:
evidence from the HUNT3 population cohort. British journal of sports medicine 2013.
Matthews CE, George SM, Moore SC, et al. Amount of time spent in sedentary
behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults. The American journal
of clinical nutrition 2012;95(2):437-45.
Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Mishra GD. Television- and screen-based activity
and mental well-being in adults. American journal of preventive medicine
2010;38(4):375-80.
Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Physical activity, sedentary behavior and
depression among disadvantaged women. Health education research 2010;25(4):632-44.
Hamer M, Coombs N, Stamatakis E. Associations between objectively assessed and
self-reported sedentary time with mental health in adults: an analysis of
data from the Health Survey for England. BMJ open 2014;4(3):e004580.
Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Screen-based sedentary behavior, physical activity, and muscle
strength in the English longitudinal study of ageing. PloS one 2013;8(6):e66222.
Tikkanen O, Haakana P, Pesola AJ, et al. Muscle activity and inactivity periods
during normal daily life. PloS one 2013;8(1):e52228.
Dogra S, Stathokostas L. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity are independent
predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J Aging Phys Activ 2012;20:S250-S51.
Chastin SFM, Mandrichenko O, Helbostadt JL, et al. Associations between objectively-measured
sedentary behaviour and physical activity with bone mineral density in adults and older adults,
the NHANES study. Bone 2014;64:254-62.
Katzmarzyk PT. Standing and mortality in a prospective cohort of Canadian adults.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2014;46(5):940-6.
Pronk NP, Katz AS, Lowry M, et al. Reducing occupational sitting time and
improving worker health: the Take-a-Stand Project, 2011. Preventing
chronic disease 2012;9:E154.
Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, et al. Causal assessment of occupational
standing or walking and low back pain: results of a systematic review.
The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society
2010;10(3):262-72.
Levine JA. Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): environment and biology.
American journal of physiology Endocrinology and metabolism 2004;286(5):E675-85.
Link
Greer, A.E., Sui, X., Maslow, A.L., Greer, B.K. & Blair, S.N. (2015).
The effects of sedentary behavior on metabolic syndrome independent of
physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. J Phys Act Health, 12, 68-73,
doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0186.
Healy, G.N., Wijndaele, K., Dunstan, D.W., Shaw, J., Salmo, J., Zimmet, P.Z. & Owen, N. (2008).
Objectively measured sedentary time, physical activity, and metabolic risk. The Australian Diabetes,
Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Diabetes Care, 31, 369-371.
Dunstan, D.W., Salmon, J., Owen, N., Armstrong, T., Zimmet, P.Z., Welborn, T.A.,… Shaw,
J.E. & AusDiab Steering Committee. (2005). Associations of TV viewing and physical
activity with the metabolic syndrome in Australian adults. Diabetologia, 48, 2254-2261,
doi: 10.1007/s00125-005-1963-4.
Tremblay, M.S., LeBlanc, A.G., Kho, M.E., Saunders, T.J., Larouche, R., Colley, R.C.,…
Gorber, S.C. (2011). Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators
in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition
and Physical Activity, 8, doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-98.
Ford, E.S. & Caspersen, C.J. (2012). Sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular
disease: a review of prospective studies. Int. J. Epidemiol, 41, 1338-1353, doi: 10.1093/ije/dys078.
Edwardson, C.L., Gorely, T., Davies, M.J., Gray, L.J., Khunti K., Wilmot, E.G., … Biddle,
S.J.H. (2012). Association of sedentary behaviour with metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis.
PLoS One, 7, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034916
De Rezende, L. F. M., Rodrigues Lopes, M., Rey-López, J. P., Matsudo, V. K. R.,
& Luiz, O. do C. (2014). Sedentary behavior and health outcomes:
An overview of systematic reviews. PLoS ONE, 9, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105620.
Buman, M.P., Winkler, E.A., Kurka, J.M., Hekler, E.B., Baldwin, C.M., Owen,
N., … Gardiner, P.A. (2014). Reallocating time to sleep, sedentary behaviors,
or active behaviors: associations with cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers,
NHANES 2005-2006. Am J Epidemiol, 179, 323-34.
Lynch, B.M. (2010). Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the
literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 19, 2691–2709.
Thorp, A.A., Owen, N., Neuhaus, M. & Dunstan, D.W. (2011). Sedentary behaviors and
subsequent health outcomes in adults a systematic review of longitudinal
studies, 1996–2011. Am J Prev Med, 41, 207–215.
Van Uffelen, J.G., Wong, J., Chau, J.Y., van der Ploeg, H.P., Riphagen I., Gilson, N.D.,
… Brown, W.J. (2010). Occupational sitting and health risks:
A systematic review. Am J Prev Med, 39, 379–388.
Zhou, Y., Zhao, H. & Peng, C. (2015). Association of sedentary behaviour with
the risk of breast cancer in women: Update meta-analysis of observational studies.
Annals of Epidemiology, pii: S1047-2797(15)00192-1, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.05.007.
Cong, Y.J., Gan, Y., Sun, H.L., Deng, J., Cao, S.Y., Xu, X. & Lu, Z.X. (2014).
Association of sedentary behaviour with colon and rectal cancer: A meta-analysis
of observational studies. British Journal of Cancer, 110, 817-826.
De Rezende, L.F.M., Rey-López, J.P., Matsudo, V.K.R.,
do Carmo Luiz, O. (2014). Sedentary behavior and
health outcomes among older adults: a systematic
review. BMC Pub Health, 14, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-333.
Link
Patel, A.P., Hildebrand, J.S., Campbell, P.T., Teras, L.R., Craft, L.L.,
McCullough, M.L. & Gapstur, S.M. (2015). Leisure-time spent sitting and
site-specific cancer incidence in a large US cohort. Cancer Epidemiology,
Biomarkers & Prevention, doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0237.
Brocklebank, L.A., Falconer, C.A., Page, A.S., Perry, R. & Cooper, A.R. (2015).
Accelerometer-measured sedentary time and cardiometabolic biomarkers.
A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 76, 92-102, doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.013.
Rockette-Wagner, B., Edelstein, S., Venditti, E.M., Reddy, D., Bray, G.A., Carrion-Petersen,
M.L., … Kriska, A.M. & Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. (2015). The impact of
lifestyle intervention on sedentary time in individuals at high risk of diabetes. Diabetologia,
58, 1198-1202.
Healy, G.N., Winkler, E.A.H., Brakenridge, C.L., Reeves, M.M. & Eakin, E.G. (2015).
Accelerometer-derived sedentary and physical activity time in overweight/obese adults
with type 2 diabetes: Cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic biomarkers.
PLoS ONE 10: e0119140, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119140.
Costigan, S.A., Barnett, L., Plotnikoff, R.C. & Lubans, D.R. (2013). The health
indicators associated with screen-based sedentary behaviour among adolescent girls:
A systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 382-392.
Wijndaele, K., Healy, G.N., Dunstan, D.W., Barnett, A.G., Salmon, J.,
Shaw, J.E., Zimmet, P.Z. & Owen, N. (2010). Increased cardiometabolic
risk is associated with increased TV viewing time. Med Sci Sports Exerc,
42, 1511-8, doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d322ac.
Link
Lee, P.H. & Wong, F.K.Y. (2015). The association between time
spent in sedentary behaviors and blood pressure: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45, 867-880.
Link
Aldington, S., Pritchard, A., Perrin, K., James, K., Wijesinghe,
M. & Beasley, R. (2008). Prolonged seated immobility at
work is a common risk factor for venous thromboembolism
leading to hospital admission. Intern Med J., 38, 133-135.
Kabrhel, C., Varraso, R., Goldhaber, S.Z., Rimm, E. & Camargo, C.A.Jr. (2011).
Physical inactivity and idiopathic pulmonary embolism in women: prospective study.
BMJ, 4, doi: 10.1136/bmj.d3867.
Healy, B., Levin, E., Perrin, K., Weatherall, M. & Beasley, R. (2010). Prolonged
work- and computer-related seated immobility and risk of venous thromboembolism.
J R Soc Med, 103, 447-454.
West, J., Perrin, K., Aldington, S., Weatherall, M. & Beasley, R. (2008).
A case-control study of seated immobility at work as a risk factor
for venous thromboembolism. J R Soc Med, 101, 237-243.
Healy, G.N., Winkler, E.A.H., Owen, N., Anuradha,
S. & Dunstan, D.W. (2015). Replacing sitting time with standing or
stepping: associations with cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers.
European Heart Journal, 36, 2643-2649.
Teychenne, M., Costigan, S.A. & Parker, K. (2015). The association between
sedentary behaviour and risk of anxiety: A systematic review. BMC Public Health,
15, doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1843-x.
Link
Zhai, L., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, D. (2015). Sedentary behaviour and the risk of
depression: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 49, 70-709.
Van Uffelen, J.G., van Gellecum, Y.R., Burton, N.W., Peeters, G., Heesch,
K.C. & Brown, W.J. (2013). Sitting-time, physical activity, and depressive
symptoms in mid-aged women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45, 276-281.
Shu-Mei Chen, Mei-Fang Liu, Jill Cook, Shona Bass, Sing Kai Lo (2009).
Sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor for low back pain:
a systematic review.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82, 797-806.
IJmker, S., Huysmans, M.A., Blatter, B.M., van der Beek, A.J., van Mechelen,
W. & Bongers, P.M. (2007). Should office workers spend fewer hours at their
computer? A systematic review of the literature. Occup Environ Med, 64, 211–222.
Gupta, N., Stordal Christiansen, C., Hallman, D.M., Korshoj, M., Gomes Carneiro, I.
& Holtermann, A. (2015). Is objectively measured sitting time associated with
low back pain? A cross-sectional investigation in the NOMAD study. PLoS One, 10, doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0121159.
Chastin, S.F.M., Egerton, T., Leask, C. & Stamatakis, E. (2015).
Meta-analysis of the relationship between breaks in sedentary
behaviour and cardiometabolic health. Obesity, 23, 1800-1810.
Chau, J.Y., Grunseit, A.C., Chey, T., Stamatakis, E., Brown, W.J., Matthews, C.E.,
Bauman, A.E. & van der Ploeg, H.P. (2013). Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality:
A meta-analysis. Plos One, 8, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080000.
Schmid, D., Ricci, C. & Leitzmann, M.F. (2015). Associations of objectively assessed
physical activity and sedentary time with all-cause mortality in US adults:
the NHANES study. Plos One, 10: e0119591, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119591.
Stamatakis, E., Chau, J.Y., Pedisic, Z., Bauman, A., Macniven, R., Coombs,
N. & Hamer, H. (2013). Are sitting occupations associated with increased all-cause,
cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality risk? A pooled analysis of seven
British population cohorts. Plos One, 8:e73753. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073753.
Petersen, C.B., Bauman, A., Gronbaek, M., Helge, J.W., Thygesen, L.C. & Tolstrup,
J.S. (2014). Total sitting time and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary
heart disease and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort of Danish adults.
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11, doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-13.
Lee, J., Kuk, J.L. & Ardern, C.I. (2015). The relationship between changes in sitting time
and mortality in post-menopausal US women. J Public Health, doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv055.
Van der Ploeg, H.P., Moller, S.V., Hannerz, H., van der Beek, A.J. & Holtermann, A. (2015).
Temporal changes in occupational sitting time in the Danish workforce and associations with
all-cause mortality: results from the Danish work environment cohort study. International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0233-1.
Van der Ploeg, H.P., Chey, T., Ding, D., Chau, J.Y., Stamatakis, E. & Bauman, A.E. (2014).
Standing time and all-cause mortality in a large cohort of Australian adults.
Preventive Medicine, 69, 187-191.
Van der Ploeg, H.P., Chey, T., Korda, R.J., Banks, E. & Bauman, A. (2012). Sitting time
and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults. Arch Intern Med, 172, 494-500.
Link
Thosar, S.S., Bielko, S.L., Mather, K.J., Johnston, J.D. & Wallace,
J.P. (2015). Effect of prolonged sitting and breaks in sitting time
on endothelial function. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 47, 843-9, doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000479.
Link
McManus, A.M., Ainslie, P.N., Green, D.J., Simair, R.G., Smith, K. & Lewis, N. (2015).
Impact of prolonged sitting on vascular function in young girls. Exp Physiol, 100,
1379-87, doi: 10.1113/EP085355.
Link
Vallance J.K, Winkler E.A, Gardiner, P.A,et al. (2011). Associations of
objectively-assessed physical activity and sedentary time with depression:
NHANES (2005–2006). Prev Med, 53, 284–8.
Liu, M., Wu, L. & Yao, S. (2015). Dose-response association of
screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and
depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Sports
Med, 0, 1-8, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084.
Hallman, D.M., Gupta, N., Mathiassen, S.E. & Holtermann, A. (2015).
Association between objectively measured sitting time and neck-shoulder
pain among blue-collar workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 88, 1031-1042.
Gracia-Marco, L., Rey-Lopez, J.P., Santaliestra-Pasias, A.M., Jimenez-Pavon,
D., Diaz, L.E., Moreno, L.A. & Vicente-Rodriguez, G. (2012). Sedentary behaviours
and its association with bone mass is adolescents : the HELENA cross-sectional study.
BMC Public Health, 12, 867-80, doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0322-y.
Chastin, S.F.M., Mandrichenko, O. & Skelton, D. (2014). The frequency of osteogenic
activities and the pattern of intermittence between periods of physical activity and
sedentary behaviour affects bone mineral content: the cross-sectional NHANES study.
BMC Public Health, 14, 976-82, doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.04.011.
Link
Matthews, C.E., Moore, S.C., Sampson, J., Blair, A., Xiao, Q., Keadle, S.K., Hollenbeck,
A. & Park, Y. (2015). Mortality benefits for replacing sitting time with different
physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 47, 1833-40, doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000621.
Stamatakis, E., Rogers, K., Ding, D., Berrigan, D., Chau, J., Hamer, M. & Bauman,
A. (2015). All-cause mortality effects of replacing sedentary time with physical activity
and sleeping using an isotemporal substitution model: a prospective study of 201,129 mid-aged
and older adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, DOI
10.1186/s12966-015-0280-7.
Pulsford, R.M., Stamatakis, E., Britton, A.R., Brunner, E.J. & Hillsdon, M. (2015). Associations
of sitting behaviours with all-cause mortality over a 16-year follow up: the Whitehall II study.
International Journal of Epidemiology, 0, 1-8, doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv191.